Men in Australia, UK and USA who report online sexual offending behaviours against children also report being 2 - 3 times more likely to seek sexual contact with children between the ages of 10 – 12 years old if they were certain no one would find out
The nature of online offending against children: Representative data from Australia, UK and the USA
This study is the first survey employing a general representative sample of men to ask about their online behaviours including sexual offending against children. The research measured the prevalence of offending, risk behaviours and attitudes amongst a weighted sample of 1,945 Australian, 1,473 UK and 1,506 US men over 18 years of age.
Likelihood of having sexual contact with a child between 10 to 12 years if certain that no one would find out
Likelihood of having sexual contact with a child between 12 to 14 years if certain that no one would find out
Research findings
The responses show that that men in the survey who reported engaging in at least one online offending behaviour against children in all three countries were at increased risk of reporting they would also seek sexual contact with a child between the ages of 10 to 12 years old if certain that no one would find out compared to men who reported no online child sexual offending behaviours.
Over 1 in 20 surveyed men from Australia, UK and USA said they were ‘definitely’ or ‘highly likely’ to have sexual contact with a child between the ages of 10 to 14 years old if they thought no one would find out. These percentages were slightly higher for US men for both age groups of children (10 to 12 years and 12 to 14 years old). While most men reported they would ‘never’ seek out sexual contact with pre-pubescent children (87.1% and 84.3% of the total for 10-12 and 12-14 year olds respectively), a significant proportion (13-16% of surveyed men across the three nations) said they would consider having sexual contact with a child if they knew no one would find out. This equates to millions of men across the three countries if applied to current population census data.
From these representative samples, it was found that nearly 1 in 10 men reported committing at least one type of sexual offending behaviour against children online at some point during their lifetime.
For those that report already engaging in at least one harmful online behaviours against children, they are two to three times more likely to also report they would have sexual contact with pre-pubescent children if they thought no one would find out.
The findings from this survey suggest that a significant proportion of the adult male population in Australia, UK and the USA may have engaged in at least one online offending behaviour against children including knowingly and deliberately viewing what is known as ‘child sexual abuse material’ or sexually explicit videos and images of children under the age of 18, paying for this content, flirting or having sexual conversations online with children and/or engaging in sexually explicit webcam interactions with children under the age of 18.
Percentage of cross country prevalence of online child sex offending, by type for Australia, UK and USA, 2023
Men who reported online child sex offending behaviours were significantly more likely to use privacy software and to watch violent pornography, bestiality, and purchase online sexual content from adults.
UK males who reported online sexual offending behaviours against children were 17 times more likely to also report watching bestiality pornography and 5.7 times more likely to also purchase adult pornography online than men who did not report sexual offending against children. There is also increased risk across the other two nations for more violent pornographic consumption among these men.
Men who reported that they already have committed sexually offending behaviours against children at some point in their life were also twice as likely to use any privacy software for their online activities than men who did not report any online sexual offending against children.
This survey in Australia, the UK and the US shows that men who reported sexually offending against children online self-report being in denial that there is anything wrong with their abusive behaviours and are at an increased risk of diffusing blame onto others.
Men were asked questions from the Child Sexual Abuse Myth scale to find out their beliefs around child sexual abuse. When controlling for age, employment, and residential location, those who already reported that they had engaged in sexual offending online at some point in their lives were between 1.2 to 3.8 times more likely to endorse denial, blame diffusion and restrictive stereotypical beliefs. Men in the UK who reported some sort of sexual offending online behaviour in the past against children were more likely to adhere to denial of abusiveness beliefs than men who did not report offending in any of the countries.
This study provides important data to better understand attitudes and behaviours in a general sample of men around online sexual offending against children. This points to the urgent need for increased prevention efforts for men who report sexual interest in children (such as through hotlines) to increased regulation of online spaces as well as awareness raising of the harms against children, families and wider society of online sexual offending against children.
Increased odds of pornography use and covert online behaviours by men who report sexual offending against children online*, adjusted odds ratios
This representative survey in Australia, the UK and the US shows that men who sexually offend against children online self-report being in denial that there is anything wrong with their abusive behaviours and are at an increased risk of diffusing blame onto others.
Men were asked questions from the Child Sexual Abuse Myth scale to find out their beliefs around child sexual abuse. When controlling for age, employment, and residential location, those who already reported that they had engaged in sexual offending online at some point in their lives were between 1.2 to 3.8 times more likely to endorse denial, blame diffusion and restrictive stereotypical beliefs. Men in the UK who reported some sort of sexual offending online behaviour in the past against children were more likely to adhere to denial of abusiveness beliefs than men who did not report offending in any of the countries.
Increased odds of attitudes towards child sexual abuse among men who report sexual offending online,* adjusted odds ratios
This study provides important data to better understand attitudes and behaviours in a general sample of men around online sexual offending against children. This points to the urgent need for increased prevention efforts for men who report sexual interest in children (such as through hotlines) to increased regulation of online spaces as well as awareness raising of the harms against children, families and wider society of online sexual offending against children.
More information
Suggested Citation: Salter, M., Whitten, T. and Woodlock, D. The nature of online offending against children: representative data from Australia, UK and the USA. In Searchlight 2023 - Childlight's Annual Flagship Report. Childlight – Global Child Safety Institute: Edinburgh, 2023.
Researchers: Prof Michael Salter, Dr Tyson Whitten, Dr Delanie Woodlock, Matt Tyler, Georgia Naldrett, Prof Jan Breckenride, Prof Justine Nolan, Dr Noam Peleg
- Registered Study Protocol: https://osf.io/j7xh2
- Ethics Approval: University of New South Wales (HC220317)
- For the Australia Findings Report, click here